This grant supports an effort by the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) to increase scholarly attention to how market and government forces impact innovation in the energy sector. NBER will hold two open calls for papers, one on what can be learned from recent successes and failures in energy technology, and a second on the forces that contribute to breakthroughs in energy technology innovation. Fourteen projects in total will be selected for support from those responding to the calls and NBER will organize a research conference for each call where supported papers will be presented and discussed. Finally, NBER will hold a third conference aimed at sharing research findings with energy decision-makers and other interested stakeholders.