This grant provides renewal funds to the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) to continue the design and facilitation of a hybrid learning community for grantees of Sloan’s Creating Equitable Pathways to STEM Graduate Education (Equitable Pathways) initiative, which invests in educational pathways from Minority Serving Institutions (MSIs) to STEM graduate programs nationwide.   AAAS takes a three-pronged approach to advance projects, partnerships, and pathways within the grantee community. Namely, 1) leveraging collective action, shared capacity building, and equitable practices to accelerate change; 2) empowering and equipping Sloan grantees to integrate sustainable practices toward creating lasting and long-term impact; and 3) generating and disseminating knowledge that advances understanding of equitable partnerships between MSIs and non-MSIs.   Funded activities under this grant include, orchestrating a suite of virtual offerings, including monthly cohort and quarterly community sessions that promote learning and discussion both within and across grantee cohorts; providing access to AAAS’s online SEA Change resources, such as synchronous and asynchronous courses, joint virtual sessions with SEA Change members, and community interviews with leading subject matter experts; hosting an annual in-person, joint conference for Equitable Pathways community participants and the broader SEA Change community; and developing and conducting mixed-methods research that will identify the key determinants of equitable, productive, and long-lasting relationships between MSIs and their institutional partners.

In 2021, more than 100 economists and public policy scholars signed an open letter supporting investments in home-and-community-based services (HCBS) that address the caregiving needs of elderly Americans. “Investing in home care,” they wrote, “makes economic sense: it will create jobs, seniors and their families prefer it, it will reduce spending by shifting people out of nursing homes and improve care outcomes.”   The challenge, however, is not whether to provide the elderly with HCBS, but precisely how. To do the most good with limited resources, which services should be offered to whom? Faced with such complicated decisions, economists like to imagine quasi-experiments where you can vary the parameters and see what happens. In the case of HCBS, such interventions are actually being performed all the time. Specifically, federal Medicaid programs both cover and document nearly half of all spending on formal long-term care; differences across states in how they allocate that spending create an opportunity for learning which policies work best for whom.   To enable such research, PI Gal Wettstein and his team at Boston College’s Center for Retirement Research will compile and publish fine-grained data about how states have been, since 2000, changing their reimbursement plans for over 60 different HCBS services. Wettstein’s team has assembled resources like this in the past that many academics have cited, analyzed, and linked with other datasets. In this case, three papers are already planned and will be supported under the grant. The first of these concerns informal caregiving, specifically the impact of HCBS funding schemes on the probability that informal care is provided, on the hours of informal care provided, and on what types of help with activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) are provided. The study will also assess how HCBS coverage affects the health and well-being of spousal caregivers, as well as the ability of adult child caregivers to move further away from the care recipient—perhaps in search of better employment or housing, for example. The second study concerns the workforce of formal caregivers, particularly how coverage of home care services affects labor market factors such as: the employment of registered nurses, licensed practical nurses, and nurse aides; the wages in these occupations; and their demographic composition. This is of special concern because the nurse aide workforce is typically low-wage, and disproportionally composed of immigrants and people of color. And the third research paper concerns health outcomes of long-term care recipients, including not only their probability of hospitalization, their rate of acquiring more ADL and IADL limitations, and their mortality rates, but also their self-assessed health and life satisfaction. While some literature suggests that more generous spending on HCBS overall does improve health outcomes, say by reducing unnecessary hospitalizations, researchers have previously been unable to isolate which types of services are particularly effective without the detailed data this project will provide.

Why do some regions of the United States flourish while others flounder? Economists have long studied such questions, of course. What has changed recently is the federal government’s active commitment to address regional disparities and inequities. This introduces new demand for practical answers as well as new occasions for experimentation and data collection—not to mention new opportunities to influence billions in new spending, much of it specifically intended to help turn technological innovations into sustainable businesses.   In response, the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) proposes to unite three of its traditional initiatives: the Entrepreneurship Working Group, the Entrepreneurship Research Boot Camp, and the Productivity, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship Program. Led by co-PIs David Robinson (Duke), Sabrina Howell (NYU Stern), and Josh Lerner (Harvard Business School), this joint project will specifically focus on how economic processes and policies can encourage or impede the launch of new businesses that commercialize innovations and help regions prosper.   The project will, for example, run a workshop each fall on place-based questions in entrepreneurship and innovation. Rather than solely featuring new results from academic research, however, these gatherings will also include presentations from private investors and government officials—including representatives from the NSF and the Commerce Department—who can discuss the structure of new federal programs for promoting innovation in areas of the country that have historically been left, or pushed, behind. Near the end of the project, NBER will host a capstone conference for policymakers, practitioners, and journalists in Washington. Papers from that meeting will distill practical lessons learned for publication in an edited volume.   To support graduate students and other early-career researchers, NBER’s Entrepreneurship Boot Camp meets for a week each summer and has an excellent reputation. Sloan funding will specifically provide lectures and training about spatial disparities in economic development. Campers will further discuss, dissect, and disseminate research presented at other meetings funded by this grant as well.   Guiding all these activities will be an advisory panel of public officials and private entrepreneurs. They will not only help prioritize research directions, but also help plan and participate in the NBER meetings. Above all, they will help make sure researchers are asking the right questions, accessing the right data, accumulating the right connections, and accelerating our understanding of regional innovation. 

For decades, questions have been raised about whether the postdoctoral system in the United States is achieving its goals. The United States currently supports more than 60,000 postdocs spread about the sciences, engineering, and medicine. Overall, less than a third move on to tenure-track positions. Biomedicine stands out both for the scale of its reliance on postdocs and for the limited number of faculty openings for them to fill. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) funds almost half of all postdoctoral fellowships, and it spends over $1.6 billion per year doing so. NIH has begun to discuss alternative funding schemes for young researchers. In other countries, for example, recent PhDs routinely find long-term, respectable, and satisfying work as “staff scientists.” How could something like that work here? What would it cost? Whether to fund more postdocs or staff scientists, that is the question. And it is a hard one requiring insights from labor economics, public finance, the science of science funding, experimental economics, etc. With Sloan support, economists Donna Ginther (Kansas) and Bruce Weinberg (Ohio State) will lead research on whether postdocs and staff scientists currently function as complements or substitutes in the production of research output. They will make use of administrative data about grant spending compiled by the Institute for Research on Innovation and Science (IRIS), a resource that Weinberg helped launch with Sloan funding. They will also use text analysis to study author contribution statements and postings for biomedical job openings in industry. This will allow comparisons of how the roles of staff scientists and postdocs progress generally and, in particular, whether postdoctoral training does provide benefits for those who end up in industry and for their employers. Results will be incorporated into the “Science of Science Funding” project at NBER, which Sloan also supports.

When running experiments, a social scientist can expect to observe the outcome of treating a given individual at a given time under given circumstances. But what the experimenter never gets to see directly is the counterfactual outcome that would have been obtained had the very same individual not been treated at that very same time under those very same circumstances.   That is why so many empirical social scientists love randomized controlled trials (RCTs). By assigning people randomly to either the treatment or control group, RCTs are designed to make sure there are no statistical differences between one group and the other at the outset. If the experiment reveals statistically significant differences between those two groups when it is over, then we have good reason to conclude that the intervention must be the cause. One big problem, though, is that RCTs are often impractical or even unethical. And unless researchers have access to very large samples, they usually produce reliable estimates of average treatment effects only,   Andrew Gelman of Columbia University has dedicated his career to developing and applying techniques that provide empirical evidence in complicated settings where desirable data may be incomplete or unavailable. Like many social scientists, he favors “Bayesian” methods over “Frequentist” ones that natural scientists prefer since, in many cases, they actually can repeat the same experiment over and over. Bayesians start with prior beliefs about a probability distribution in question, then systematically adjust those beliefs based on all the experimental evidence. Gelman specifically constructs reasonable priors using a process of “multilevel modeling.” His approach recognizes that treatment effects are heterogeneous from the outset and provides additional structure for breaking down those estimates by subgroup even when data are sparse.   Together with Jori Korpershoek, Gelman will develop a unified Bayesian approach to estimating causal effects in cross sectional data from both panels and time series (i.e., the kinds of data most empirical economists study). They aim to express standard ways of estimating average treatment effects as cases of a more comprehensive algorithm in which each method amounts to comparing differently weighted means. Rather than having researchers concoct specific weights, as is current practice, Gelman and Korpershoek will prescribe methods for estimating the weights that will in turn produce better and more efficient estimators.  Their open-source and user-friendly software will extend those methods to allow for the reliable estimation of individual treatment effects based on Bayesian multilevel modeling. 

The Sloan Foundation previously funded Misty Heggeness from the University of Kansas to collect and present data about the economics of caregiving through a dashboard—called the Care Board—that she is launching online. The Care Board will cover both paid and unpaid forms of childcare, elder care, and housework to demonstrate the value and feasibility of measuring these activities systematically and comprehensively.   That pilot is off to a great start and has attracted significant attention from academic researchers and government officials alike. Several federal agencies have expressed a compelling interest in developing official caregiving statistics, but none currently has the authority, budget, or expertise to start anything like the Care Board. When federal statistical agencies need to coordinate like this, either on technical matters or funding requests, they often turn to CNSTAT, the Committee on National Statistics at the National Academy of Sciences.   Half of this grant therefore funds a CNSTAT study panel on caregiving statistics that will meet ten times over the next two years. That panel will issue a peer-reviewed report making the case for precisely how and why the federal government should take on this task. The design decisions, use cases, and test results for the Care Board will be discussed throughout by this panel and form the basis of its recommendations. CNSTAT will then disseminate the report to Congress with all the authority and credibility that only the National Academies can muster.   The other half supports putting a data-rich Care Board online. One of the main challenges at this stage is carrying through plans to access and process confidential administrative data about everything from tax deductions to public assistance program participation. Also, new surveys, new categorization schemes, and new ways of inferring statistics are all under intense development and testing.   Working through the independent research unit at University of Massachusetts Amherst called the Political Economy Research Institute (PERI), PI Nancy Folbre will manage the synergies between the two workstreams. Having devoted her career to the study of caregiving, Folbre is among the most respected and accomplished economists in this field. She and Heggeness will work to achieve a shared vision for sustainably providing important data about the economics of caregiving.