This grant funds research by David Popp and Daniel Acuna of Syracuse University to examine the impact of federal funding of research in the energy sector. Popp and Acuna are particularly interested in understanding how researchers respond to changes in federal funding priorities.  When a federal agency announces a funding initiative in a new area of energy research, who ultimately performs that research? Perhaps established researchers working on other topics change directions and begin working on the new priority, speeding progress in the new area but moving away from the subject areas they abandoned. Or perhaps new, early career researchers without well-established research agendas enter the field in response to the availability of federal funding. Determining how federal funding impacts researcher interests and scholarly trajectories is an under-explored topic in energy systems innovation. To examine these questions, Popp and Acuna will deploy machine learning techniques that analyze a longitudinal publications dataset created from Elsevier’s Scopus and Thompson Reuter’s Web of Science archives.  By indexing changes in researcher publications to changes in federal funding, Popp and Acuna will be able to examine if and how researchers change the direction of their work in response to different kinds of funding calls from different federal agencies.

Understanding the lifecycle of energy technologies is important for policymakers interested in modeling and predicting the likely future path of technological development.  The situation is complicated because many novel technologies draw from other related fields, with such knowledge spillovers playing an important role in technological advancement.  Funds from this grant support work by a team led by Erin Baker and Anna Goldstein at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst  who are studying the pathways of two newly developed energy technologies: offshore wind energy and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage.  Through a careful analysis of patent records, the team will attempt to quantify where each technology is in its lifecycle, how much of the technology represents genuinely new innovation, and how much of their technological development is the application of more mature technologies from neighboring fields. For instance, in the case of newly viable offshore wind farms, in order to assess the potential for future growth it is important to understand how much the viability of these technologies depends on advances in wind tower or blade design taken from their land-based counterparts and what can be leearned from applying processes originally developed for offshore oil and gas rigs. The same goes for bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, which draws on drilling and related technologies developed for other applications. Since both wind and bioenergy will play an increasingly central role as the U.S. transitions to a low-carbon economy, the project promises to advance our understanding of the likely pace of innovation of these two crucial technologies in the energy sector.

Resources for the Future (RFF) plays a central role in producing independent energy and environmental economics research, largely due to the contributions of the many energy and environmental microeconomic simulation models the organization maintains. These workhorse models allow researchers to examine many aspects of energy systems, with models feeding into numerous academic publications, policy reports, and energy and environmental decision-making processes. This grant supports efforts by RFF to update and enhance the usefulness of its modeling platforms by producing additional modules, increasing granularity, and creating linkages between them.  The models to be augmented include the Dynamic Regional-General Equilibrium Model (known as DR-GEM); the Engineering, Economic, and Environmental Electricity Simulation Tool; and RFF platforms that model employment, the electricity market, and the vehicle market. Planned improvements include adding more detailed information on the interactions between different industrial sectors; better information about solar, wind, and other renewables; detailed data on how new and used car sales vary across states, and up-to-date projections about the likely phase out of U.S. coal plants. In addition, the RFF team will develop a new land-use carbon model that will look at the land-use implications and likelihood of land-use change associated with various energy development and policies, such as those related to biofuels, biomass with carbon capture and storage, and offset programs that may be used to compensate for hard-to-decarbonize emissions.

Various industrial processes are major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, but without good evidence on how different industrial sectors contribute to emissions, policymakers are left without reliable data to help inform regulatory efforts. In particular, wastewater management facilities and agricultural waste processing sites generate methane and nitrous oxide, both powerful greenhouse gases, and also serve as the source of local air pollutants, such as ammonia. However, information about the magnitude of emissions from these sites, and how emissions differ across such sites in different regions, is poorly known. Without baseline information, it is difficult to design even basic greenhouse gas management strategies, like how to quantify emissions reductions from these facilities. This grant funds a project team led by Mark Zondlo at Princeton University and Francesca Hopkins at the University of California, Riverside to equip and deploy two mobile laboratories—technologically-outfitted cars and vans—that are designed to take precise emissions measurements at multiple scales around these sites. By partnering with non-governmental organizations, these mobile laboratories will monitor multiple wastewater management and agricultural waste processing sites on both the East Coast and West Coast. The compiled data will provide one of the best sources of evidence about the scale of emissions at these sites and have the potential to inform new modes of management for emissions produced by these industrial processes.

In addition to the pressing need to transition electricity generation to more widespread use of renewables, attention needs to be given to how these low-carbon systems might be integrated with other net-zero interventions. While wind and solar power deservedly receive much attention, not only is geothermal energy an important low-carbon source of electricity, but there are creative ways of integrating geothermal systems with other net-zero approaches to create a virtuous cycle of clean power generation and carbon sequestration. A team of Brian Ellis at the University of Michigan, Jeffrey Bielicki at The Ohio State University, and Jeremiah Johnson at North Carolina State University will address these challenges by examining the potential to pump carbon dioxide underground—after being captured from industrial processes such as coal-fired power generation—in order to enhance renewable geothermal power systems. How might these carbon dioxide streams get pumped into the subsurface? They are sent underground using excess electricity generated by wind or solar installations. These researchers will examine various dimensions of such systems that might allow the use of carbon-rich fluids to boost renewable energy production while simultaneously being sequestered underground. First, this team will investigate basic geological characteristics related to how differences in rock pore size and mineralogy may influence how these carbon-rich fluids flow in underground reservoirs. Second, they will look to aggregate this information about basin-scale geological characteristics to shed light on the viability of using such carbon-rich fluids to enhance geothermal energy production across power systems that have rather different power production and geographical characteristics. The results have the potential to inform how such net-zero systems might be optimized to help make renewables like geothermal power even more attractive as a twenty first century energy source.

Funds from this grant support the continuation and completion of work by an interdisciplinary team led by Granger Morgan at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU). The team is attempting to quantify the challenges and opportunities associated with transitioning the U.S. high-voltage electricity transmission system from alternating current (HVAC) to direct current (HVDC).  A transition to direct current has several potential advantages that could aid in decarbonizing the energy system.  For instance, direct current is more efficient than alternating current at transmitting significant quantities of electricity over long distances. That is important for the future viability of renewable energy technologies like wind and solar, where electricity, to be maximally useful, needs to be generated in windy or sunny locales and then transmitted over long distances.  Second, high voltage DC power lines can be sited alongside AC lines and sometimes in areas where AC lines cannot, thereby providing another tool to help advance clean electricity technologies. Using a method called expert elicitation, which asks subject matter experts to assess the likelihood of a range of factors associated with the technology’s development, the CMU team will closely examine the development of the novel power electronics technologies that are crucial to make the switch from HVAC to HVDC. This project will place a particular focus on the development of novel transistors, switching devices, and other power electronics necessary to advance HVDC lines. The result will be the identification of a set of well-informed parameters that can inform models designed to assess the likely costs and performance of a future HVDC system in the US.

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology is an important tool in the fight against climate change. Carbon dioxide gas is captured following fossil fuel production or other industrial processes, then compressed and pumped underground under extremely high temperatures and pressures, and stored in depleted oil and gas wells or, in some cases, in underground salt caverns or saline aquifers. A key concern with CCUS technology is the ability to verify that the carbon dioxide remains in place and stored underground. If the carbon dioxide leaks from the disposal wellbores, this not only impairs the effectiveness of the sequestration process, but it can contaminate other underground water regions nearby. These wellbores are harsh environments to monitor, under intensely high pressures and chemically corrosive. Such environments are not friendly to the delicate conditions that most sensors need to operate effectively.  This grant will fund work by researchers Debbie Senesky at Stanford University and Pingfeng Wang at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign to develop and deploy a novel, durable sensor system capable of operating in the harsh conditions of a CCS wellbore and thus able to monitor whether the sequestered carbon dioxide is staying put or seeping out. The project has the potential to significantly advance understanding of the effectiveness of CCS sequestration, and thus to help inform the future development of these technologies in the fight against greenhouse gas emissions. The project will train at least two graduate students and is expected to result in a number of academic publications and the development of new sensor technologies.

L Less heralded than innovation or the creation of new technologies is the maintenance of technological systems: the sometimes unsexy but always vital work of keeping these systems running over time. Maintainers update older systems to be interoperable with newer ones, find and fix bugs, develop and install patches to ensure security and stability, and scan the horizon for new threats to the continued operation of the system. This grant provides three years of funding to The Maintainers, a network of scholars and practitioners devoted to providing support to those involved in the maintenance of critical technological and social systems.  Founded in 2015 and directed by Andrew Russell (SUNY Polytechnical Institute), Jessica Meyerson (Educopia Institute) and Lee Vinsel (Virginia Tech), the Maintainers holds conferences and workshops, connects practitioners and researchers, develops and disseminates best practices, and advocates for the essential social role played by maintainers and their work.  Grant funds will be used over the three year grant period for a number of activities to help build and strengthen the maintainer community, including numerous virtual and in-person events, the creation of two new discipline-specific maintenance subcommunities, the development of new tools and infrastructure for use by the community, and the creation of a strategic plan focused on long-term sustainability.

In 2016, the Foundation first funded the Community Health Analytics for Open Source Software (CHAOSS) project, led by information scientists Sean Goggins and Matt Germonprez, at the University of Missouri and the University of Nebraska at Omaha (respectively). The CHAOSS project focuses on the development of metrics, software, and practices to improve the transparency of open source community health. With respect to metrics, the CHAOSS project advances open source community health with respect to project evolution, risk, value, and diversity, equity, & inclusion.  With respect to software, the CHAOSS project uses the Augur software developed through this funding to analyze activity logs, and draw comparisons across entire software ecosystems, and identify anomalies within and across projects using machine learning and AI in an explicitly ethical manner. This enables community stakeholders to make judgements about the health of open source communities and projects using a combination of their own knowledge, and the metrics, data analysis, and insights generated through CHAOSS and Augur. Demand for CHAOSS has been substantial, and the program is seeing use by a number of key players in the open source development space, including partners from both academe and practice. The project has also become essential infrastructure for academic studies of open source practices as well as a source of metrics for research software assessment.  This grant provides three years of support for the continued development and expansion of the CHAOSS project.  Grant funds support the ongoing development and maintenance of the CHAOSS metrics and software and the hiring of additional support staff, as well as a set of specific projects in diversity, equity, & inclusion, open science, journalism, and ensuring the safety of critical systems and infrastructure.  Other grant funds will advance the development of funding models to facilitate the long-term, sustainable operation of the project.

The Make Data Count (MDC) initiative has worked with global research stakeholders and through the Research Data Alliance (RDA) to develop the building blocks for responsible research assessment metrics for research data, to better understand the impact and reach of data. Not only has the initiative developed a community-vetted standard for the reporting of data usage metrics, is has also created a set of server-side tools that allow easy implementation of the standard by existing data repositories.  Initial partners already implementing the standard include Dataverse, Zenodo, Figshare, Dryad, institutional and governmental repositories. Funds from this grant provide support for the continued expansion and increased adoption of the MDC data metrics standards and framework. Led by Daniella Lowenberg at the California Digital Library, the MDC team will focus on three key groups of activities over the two-year grant period. First, they will make it dramatically easier for less-resourced repositories to implement and benefit from data metrics by developing a log analysis server and expanding an existing event data aggregator to include dataset metrics. Second, they will work through the publisher consortium network, CrossRef, to encourage journal publishers to implement best practices for data citation. Third, they will work in collaboration with the bibliometric research community to begin studying data usage across research disciplines, through the development of an open corpus of data for the study of data citation and usage trends. This work will continue to elevate research data in international discussions about research assessment and value, with goals of developing accessible and understood open data metrics.